Jithin Prabha of Purdue University explores AM processes using 2 photon polymerization, useful for a variety of applications such as optics, along with metamaterials and surfaces, microfluidics, tissue engineering and bioprinting, and further exploration of innovative ways to deliver drugs. Prabha outlines his work in ‘3D Printing of Nanoantenna Arrays for Optical Metasurfaces,’ discussing how nanostructures can be fabricated in what could be referred to as ‘true 3D printing.’
In this study, Prabha employs 2 photon fabrication to make a metasurface printed via diabolo antenna arrays on a glass substrate, then coated in gold. While microfabrication can be performed in numerous ways, Prabha points out that multiphoton absorption is superior due to the capability for 3D printing complex geometries with just one laser beam.
“The process can be considered as the real 3D printing as the structure can be formed in a truly three-dimensional manner with the 3D scanning of the focal spot compared to other methods of additive manufacturing which are done layer by layer,” states Prabha. “Two photon absorption based free radical photopolymerization is what enables this remarkable feat. Two photon absorption is the simultaneous absorption of two photons to increase the energy level of a molecule from one state to a higher excited state.”
An 800nm femtosecond laser was used to create the nanoantenna arrays, which were consequently studied using a scanning electron microscope and a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR).
“For structures that are very small and are printed with a higher resolution by adding the quencher, the conventional style of slicing explained above leads to the structure being thicker at the edges and not smooth on the top. For such structures like the nano antennas like the diabolo antenna a new type of scanning method called overscanning is devised,” states Prabha.
In using this method, the antennas were designed in Autodesk Inventor and then sliced into layers using slic3r. The array of antennas was printed at 40×40 µm or 50×50 µm on a coverglass substrate, coated with gold of 55nm in thickness by e-beam evaporation. Varied optimization parameters included:
- Height of the structure
- Periodicity in x and y
- Bowtie length and breadth
- Neck length and width
- Thickness of gold coating
“The antenna parameters are optimized by simulations and effects of variation of critical parameters are shown in the plots and a zero reflection at resonance condition of 4.04 µm is calculated. Absorbance is calculated using the volumetric loss density equation,” concluded the author. “The absorption in the antenna and polymer is negligible and absorption in the aperture peaks at 50% at the resonance condition. Transmittance plot shows that there is a transmittance peak close to the reflectance dip at resonance and ~50% of the light gets transmitted at resonance. FTIR experiments show a polarization dependence dip to 40% at a wavelength of 6.6 µm. This change in location of the dip and shallower dip might be due to errors in fabrication like small variations in the dimensions and locations of antenna with respect to each other.
“The fabrication method discussed in this work which includes two photon printing and e-beam evaporation is found as a viable way for printing nanoantennas. More complicated 3D geometries for antennas can be fabricated easily in this method as the first step is a 3D printing process.”
3D printing is applicable in nearly every industry today but is extremely useful to researchers and scientists endeavoring to create complex geometries and structures, and often on the nano- or micro-scale from fabricating metal structures to making high-resolution parts, and devices for more streamlined microfabrication. What do you think of this news? Let us know your thoughts! Join the discussion of this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com.
[Source / Images: ‘3D Printing of Nanoantenna Arrays for Optical Metasurfaces’]
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